亚裔女性，种族主义和性别歧视的双重受害者
How Racism and Sexism Intertwine to Torment Asian-American Women
SHAILA DEWAN
2021年3月19日
After eight people, six of them Asian women, were fatally shot this week in a rampage near Atlanta, a law enforcement official said that in the gunman’s own words, his actions were “not racially motivated,” but caused by “sexual addiction.”
本周在亚特兰大附近发生的一起暴力事件中，有八人被枪杀，其中六人是亚裔女性。一名执法官员表示，用枪手自己的话来说，他的行为“不是出于种族动机”，而是由“性瘾”引起的。
The official, Capt. Jay Baker of the Sheriff’s Office in Cherokee County, where one of the three massage businesses targeted by the gunman was located, cautioned that the investigation was in its early stages. But the implication was clear: It had to be one motive or the other, not both.
这名官员是切罗基县治安官办公室的警监杰伊·贝克(Jay Baker)，被枪手袭击的三家按摩店之一就位于该县，他提醒说，调查还处于早期阶段，但言下之意很明确：凶手必定是出于其中一个动机，而不是二者兼有。
That suggestion was met with incredulity by many Asian-American women, for whom racism and sexism have always been inextricably intertwined. For them, racism often takes the form of unwanted sexual come-ons, and sexual harassment is often overtly racist.
这种说法遭到了许多亚裔美国女性的质疑，对她们而言，种族主义和性别歧视一直不可分割地交织在一起。对她们来说，种族主义往往表现为不受欢迎的性挑逗，而性骚扰往往呈现出公开的种族主义。
With reports of anti-Asian attacks surging after the Trump administration repeatedly emphasized China’s connection to the Covid-19 pandemic, there is evidence that most of the hate, unlike other types of bias crime, has been directed at women.
在特朗普政府反复强调中国与新冠疫情的联系后，反亚裔攻击的报道激增，有证据表明，与其他类型的偏见犯罪不同，大多数仇恨都针对女性。
“People on here literally debating if this was a misogynistic attack against women or a racist attack against Asians,” Jenn Fang, the founder of a long-running Asian-American feminist blog, Reappropriate, wrote in a scathing Twitter thread. “What if — wait for it — it was both.”
“这里的人还真的在讨论这是针对女性的厌恶攻击，还是针对亚洲人的种族主义攻击，”有多年历史的亚裔美国女权主义博客Reappropriate的创始人詹恩·方（Jenn Fang，音）在一条措辞严厉的推特回复中写道。“等等，如果两者都有呢？”
Captain Baker’s briefing on the attacks on Wednesday included an assertion that the accused gunman, who is white, had been having “a really bad day,” which many women took as yet another way of excusing violence against them. His comments were widely criticized, and he was found to have promoted sales of an anti-Asian T-shirt.
贝克在周三对袭击事件的通报中声称，被指控的枪手是白人，他经历了“非常糟糕的一天”，许多女性认为这又是为针对她们的暴力而开脱的方式。贝克的言论受到广泛批评，他还被发现在推销一款反亚裔T恤。
The Sheriff’s Office later said in a statement that the captain’s remarks were “not intended to disrespect any of the victims” or to “express empathy or sympathy for the suspect.”
治安官办公室后来在一份声明中表示，该警监的言论“并非不尊重任何受害者”，也不是“对嫌疑人表达共情或同情”。
But the apology seemed to do little to quell a sense that the authorities were missing the point.
但这一道歉仍然让人们感觉当局没明白到底问题出在哪。
“Law enforcement and society in general tends to really not understand how racism and hate and prejudice is directed toward Asian-Americans, and certainly not understand how it’s directed toward Asian-American women,” said Helen Zia, an activist and author who has tracked anti-Asian violence. “So the instant reaction is generally to discount and dismiss it.”
“执法部门和整个社会往往确实不能理解，种族主义、仇恨和偏见是如何针对亚裔美国人的，当然也不理解它如何指向亚裔美国女性，”追踪反亚裔暴力的活动人士和作家谢汉兰(Helen Zia)说。“所以，第一时间的反应通常是轻视它或者否定它。”
There is a long history of misogyny and violence directed specifically at Asian women by men of all races — including Asian men. Asian-American women have long been stereotyped as sexually submissive, portrayed in popular culture as exotic “lotus blossoms” and manipulative “dragon ladies,” or as inherently superior to other women in a way that erases their individuality. They have been subjected to backlash for any failure to conform to those stereotypes and trolled for choosing non-Asian partners.
所有种族的男性——包括亚洲男性——专门针对亚裔女性的歧视和暴力由来已久。长期以来，亚裔美国女性一直被定型为性方面的服从者，在流行文化中被描绘成充满异国情调的“莲花”和善于操纵的“龙夫人”，又或者天生比其他女性优越，这些都抹杀了她们的个体性。她们如果不符合这些刻板印象，或是选择非亚裔伴侣，就会遭到强烈抨击。
Despite vast economic inequality among Asian-Americans, they are often assumed to be accomplished, financially successful members of a “model minority,” a fabrication sometimes used to denigrate other racial groups by contrast.
尽管亚裔美国人之间存在巨大的经济不平等，但他们往往被认为是有成就、经济上成功的“模范少数族裔”，这种捏造的说法有时被用来同其他种族群体对比并诋毁其他种族群体。
Sung Yeon Choimorrow, the executive director of the National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum, an advocacy group, said that when she first came to the United States to attend college in 2000, she was “stunned, dumbfounded, horrified” by the way she was frequently approached by male strangers who professed to love Korean women.
倡导团体全国亚太裔美国妇女论坛(National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum)总干事宋延·崔莫罗（Sung Yeon Choimorrow，音）说，2000年她刚来美国上大学时，经常有自称喜欢韩国女性的男性陌生人向她搭讪，这让她“震惊，目瞪口呆，吓坏了”。
“It is the ‘Me so horny, I love you long time,’ in like weird accents, and ‘Oh, are you Korean? I love Korea,’” she said, adding that she began to wonder if American men were crazy. They would “go into this whole thing about how they served in the military in Korea and how they had this amazing Korean girlfriend that was just like me. And will I be their girlfriend?”
“他们用怪腔怪调说，‘我饥渴，我爱你很久’，还有‘哦，你是韩国人吗？我爱韩国，’”她说，她开始怀疑美国男人是不是都疯了。他们“都是这一套，大谈他们曾在韩国服役，有过一个和我一样漂亮的韩国女友，问我愿不愿意当他们的女朋友”。
The men, she said, ranged in age from the very young to the very old, and seemed never to understand that their attention was not flattering. “I’ve experienced racism. I’ve experienced sexism. But I never experienced the two like that as I have when I came to the United States.”
她说，这些男人的年龄从老到小都有，而且好像根本就不明白，他们的关注不是一种奉承。“我经历过种族歧视。我经历了性别歧视。但我从来没有像在美国这样，同时经历这两种情况。”
She said many Asian-American women viewed Tuesday’s shooting rampage as the culmination of this racialized misogyny.
她说，许多亚裔美国女性都认为，周二的枪击事件是这一种族化女性歧视的高潮。
“I’m telling you, most of us didn’t sleep well last night,” she said. “Because this was what we had feared all along — we were afraid that the objectification and the hypersexualization of our bodies was going to lead to death.”
“我告诉你，我们大多数人昨晚都没睡好，”她说。“因为这是我们一直以来所担心的——我们担心对我们身体的物化和过度性化会导致死亡。”
Federal data suggest that across the country, the victims of most violent hate crimes are men. Yet a recent analysis by a group called Stop AAPI Hate, which collects reports of hate incidents against Asian-American and Pacific Islander communities, said that out of nearly 3,800 incidents recorded in 2020 and 2021, more than two-thirds of the reports came from women.
联邦数据显示，在全国范围内，暴力仇恨犯罪的受害者大多是男性。然而，收集针对亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民社区仇恨事件报告的“制止仇恨亚太裔美国人组织”(Stop AAPI Hate)最近的一项分析称，在2020年和2021年记录的近3800起相关仇恨事件中，超过三分之二的报告来自女性。
Hate crimes against Asian women are almost certainly undercounted, and Ms. Zia said one reason is that those with a sexual dimension tend to be classified as sex offenses, in effect erasing the racial aspect. Stereotypes of Asian women as submissive may embolden aggressors, she said. “We’re seen as vulnerable,” she said. “You know — the object that won’t fight back.”
谢汉兰说，针对亚洲女性的仇恨犯罪几乎肯定被低估了，其中一个原因是，那些带有性色彩的犯罪往往被归类为性侵，实际上抹去了种族层面。她说，认为亚洲女性顺从的刻板印象可能会让施暴者有恃无恐。“人们认为我们很脆弱，”她说。“你知道——是不会反击的对象。”
Very little is known about the motives of the Atlanta gunman, but organizations that track hate crimes have paid increasing attention to misogyny as a “gateway drug” to other types of extremism, such as violent racism, in the wake of mass shootings at yoga and fitness studios frequented by women and the slaughter of 10 people in Toronto in 2018 by a self-described “incel,” or involuntary celibate.
对于亚特兰大枪手的动机，目前还知之甚少，但在女性经常光顾的瑜伽馆和健身房发生大规模枪击事件，以及2018年一名自称“incel”或非自愿独身者在多伦多屠杀10人之后，追踪仇恨犯罪的组织越来越重视女性歧视，将其视为暴力种族主义等其他类型极端主义的“入门毒品”。
The deaths of 77 people in Norway in a shooting and bombing attack in 2011 were widely portrayed as a result of right-wing extremism, but the attacker, Anders Breivik, also viewed feminism as a significant threat.
2011年挪威发生枪击和爆炸袭击，造成77人死亡，该事件被广泛描述为右翼极端主义的结果，但袭击者安德斯·布雷维克(Anders Breivik)也将女权主义视为重大威胁。
In 2018 the Southern Poverty Law Center and the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism began to track what they call male supremacist terrorism, fueled by aggrieved male entitlement and a desire to preserve traditional gender roles, according to a brief by the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. The Anti-Defamation League published a report called “When Women Are the Enemy: The Intersection of Misogyny and White Supremacy.”
根据国际反恐中心的一份简报，2018年，南方贫困法律中心(Southern Poverty Law Center)和国家恐怖主义与恐怖主义对策研究联合会(National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism)开始追踪他们所称的，由维护男性权利和传统性别角色的愤怒愿望所推动的男性至上恐怖主义。反诽谤联盟(Anti-Defamation League)发表了一份名为《当女性成为敌人：女性歧视与白人至上主义的交集》(When Women Are the Enemy: The Intersection of Misogyny and White Supremacy)的报告。
Scholars say the fetishization of Asian women, and a corresponding emasculation of Asian men, have long histories shaped by United States law and policy. The Page Act of 1875, which ostensibly banned the importation of women for prostitution, effectively prevented Chinese women from entering the United States, while laws prohibiting mixed-race marriages left male Chinese immigrants perpetual bachelors.
学者们表示，对亚洲女性的迷恋，以及相应的对亚洲男性的男子气概的贬低，在美国法律和政策中有着悠久的历史。1875年的《佩奇法案》(Page Act)表面上禁止引进女性卖淫，实际上却阻止了中国女性进入美国，而禁止异族通婚的法律却让华裔男性移民永远保持单身。
Kyeyoung Park, a professor of anthropology and Asian-American studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, said Asian immigrants have historically been viewed exclusively through the lens of their labor or businesses.
加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California, Los Angeles)人类学和亚裔美国人研究教授朴容九(Kyeyoung Park)说，历史上，人们只从亚裔移民的劳动或生意的角度来看待他们。
In the case of the spas in Georgia, she said capitalism based on racial exploitation has been intertwined with the sexualization of Asian women, and particularly Korean women, over many decades. The police have not said whether any of the three spas had ties to sex work.
在说到佐治亚州的水疗中心时，她说，数十年来，基于种族剥削的资本主义与亚洲女性——尤其是韩国女性——的色情化现象交织在一起。警方没有透露这三个水疗中心是否与性工作有关。
“I think the origin of these massage parlors can be traced back to Korean War brides and military wives,” Dr. Park said.
朴容九说：“我认为这些按摩院的起源可以追溯到朝鲜战争的战地新娘和军嫂。”
Overseas, poverty and the privations of war gave rise to a prostitution industry that provided inexpensive sex to American servicemen in Korea, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, compounding stereotypes of Asian women as exotic sex objects or manipulators trying to entrap American husbands.
身处海外、贫穷和战争的剥夺催生了卖淫业，为韩国、菲律宾、泰国和越南的美国军人提供廉价性交，加剧了将亚洲女性视为异国风情的性对象或试图诱骗美国丈夫的操纵者的刻板印象。
Sexual imperialism was not limited to Americans; the Japanese also forced Chinese, Filipino and Korean women into prostitution as so-called comfort women in the 1930s and ’40s.
性帝国主义不仅限于美国人。日本还在1930和40年代强迫中国、菲律宾和韩国女性成为卖淫的慰安妇。
Many women who were in the sex trade were brought to the United States as brides, and some of them who were later separated or divorced from their husbands started massage parlors, a history that likely helped shape a perception of all Asian-run spas as illicit and the women who work in them as sex workers, Dr. Park said.
朴容九说，许多从事性交易的女性被作为新娘带到美国，其中一些后来与丈夫分居或离婚的女性开办了按摩院，这一历史很可能促使人们将所有亚洲人经营的水疗中心都视为非法，将在其中工作的女性视为性工作者。
The fetishization of Asian women was reinforced in popular culture, most notably with the lines spoken by a sex worker in a scene in “Full Metal Jacket,” a Vietnam War movie, as two soldiers try to bargain down her price: “Me so horny. Me love you long time.”
在流行文化中，对亚洲女性的物化被加强，其中最引人注目的是越南战争电影《全金属外壳》(Full Metal Jacket)中一名性工作者的台词，在两名士兵试图讨价还价时说：“我饥渴，我爱你很久。”
Divorced from their origin, those lines have become a come-on used in what Ellen Wu, a historian at Indiana University Bloomington and the author of “The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the Origins of the Model Minority,” called a “racially specific type of catcalling.”
这些台词与其源头背道而驰，印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校历史学家吴迪安在她的《成功的肤色：亚裔美国人与模范少数族裔的起源》(The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the Origins of the Model Minority)一书中称这些台词被当作对女性吹口哨时的荤段子使用。
“A few words pack an entire history into a sentence,” she said.
她说：“只需几个词就把整个历史融入到一句话中。”
Several advocates said they had spent the last year combating the notion that hate and violence against Asian-Americans, and particularly Asian-American women, were something new.
几位倡导者说，他们在去年花了一年时间应对将反亚裔——尤其是亚裔美国女性——的仇恨和暴力看做是新事物的想法。
“There are many women who have died because of sexual violence directed at them that was also racialized, but it has never been at the scale where the whole country is watching and talking about it,” Ms. Choimorrow said. “And what really upsets me is that it has taken something this tragic for me to be able to tell the story.”
“有许多女性因针对她们的性暴力而丧生，这种性暴力也被种族化了，但从来没有像现在这样的规模，整个国家都在关注和谈论它。”崔莫罗说。“真正令我难过的是，直到发生了这么悲惨的事情，我才有勇气讲出来。”
