双语:《新疆的文化保护与发展》白皮书 PDF下载

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新疆的文化保护与发展
Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2018年11月
November 2018

目录
Contents

前言
Preamble

一、新疆各民族文化是中华文化的组成部分
I.Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of the Chinese Culture

二、各民族语言文字广泛使用
II.The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used

三、宗教文化受到尊重和保护
III.Respecting and Protecting Religious Culture

四、文化遗产保护和传承取得成就
IV.Protecting and Carrying Forward Cultural Heritage

五、文化事业和文化产业不断发展
V.Constant Development of Cultural Undertakings and the Cultural Industry

六、对外文化交流日趋活跃
VI.Active Cultural Exchanges with Other Countries

结束语
Conclusion

 

前言
Preamble

中国是统一的多民族国家。在5000多年文明发展史中,中华各民族共同创造了悠久历史、灿烂文化。新疆自古以来就是多民族迁徙聚居生活的地方,也是多种文化交流交融的舞台。在历史长河中,新疆各民族文化扎根中华文明沃土,既推动了各民族文化发展,也丰富了中华文化内涵。
China is a unified multi-ethnic country. In the course of a civilization that dates back more than 5,000 years, the various ethnic groups of China have created a long history and a splendid culture. Since ancient times many ethnic groups have made their way to Xinjiang, and it has become their home and a place for cultural integration. Various ethnic cultures of Xinjiang have their roots in the fertile soil of Chinese civilization, advancing their own cultural development while enriching the overall culture of China.

中华人民共和国成立后,中国政府高度重视新疆各民族优秀传统文化的挖掘、传承与保护,坚持创造性转化、创新性发展,鼓励各民族相互学习语言文字,促进各民族交往交流交融,尊重各民族宗教信仰自由,推动文化事业和文化产业发展,推进各民族文化现代化,加强对外文化交流,在不同文化交流互鉴中,增强文化自信。
Since the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the Chinese government has attached great importance to documenting and protecting the excellent traditional ethnic cultures in Xinjiang, and ensuring that they are passed on to succeeding generations. It has promoted creative transformation and innovative development, encouraging these ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, promoted communication and integration, respected their freedom of religious belief, and worked to develop their cultural undertakings and industries. The government has worked to modernize ethnic cultures, to strengthen cultural exchanges with foreign countries, and to enhance each group’s cultural confidence while engaging in exchanges with and mutual learning from others.

 

一、新疆各民族文化是中华文化的组成部分
I. Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of the Chinese Culture

新疆历来是多民族聚居、多种文化并存地区。各民族文化长期交流交融,在中华文明沃土中枝繁叶茂,是中华文化的组成部分。
Since ancient times, Xinjiang has been home to various ethnic groups, where different ethnic cultures coexist. Through many years of communication and integration, these cultures thrive in the fertile soil of China’s civilization and are part of the Chinese culture.

各民族文化是中华文化不可分割的一部分。自古以来,中华文化因环境多样性而呈现丰富多元形态。各民族文化在中华大地上交流交融,形成气象恢宏的中华文化。各民族文化都是中华民族共有精神财富,为中华文化的发展与进步做出了贡献。
Ethnic cultures make up an inseparable part of the Chinese culture. Since ancient times, China has been multicultural as a result of the diversity of its environment. Different ethnic cultures have communicated and integrated with each other, constituting a legacy shared by the Chinese nation that has brought into being a splendid Chinese culture.

早在先秦时期,新疆就与中原地区展开了密切交流,考古证实,新疆出土的彩陶就受到黄河中游地区仰韶文化的影响,在河南安阳的商代妇好墓中,陪葬了大量新疆和田玉制成的器物。西汉统一新疆地区后,汉语成为西域官府文书中的通用语之一。中原的农业生产技术、礼仪制度、汉文书籍、音乐舞蹈等在西域广泛传播。西域的乐器与音乐传入中原,对中原音乐产生重大影响。中华文化宝库中,就包括维吾尔族十二木卡姆艺术、哈萨克族阿依特斯艺术、柯尔克孜族史诗《玛纳斯》、蒙古族卫拉特史诗《江格尔》等各民族的优秀文化作品。
As early as in the pre-Qin period (c. 2100-221 BC), Xinjiang was in close contact with the Central Plains. Archaeological excavations demonstrate that painted potteryware unearthed in Xinjiang shows the influence of the Yangshao Culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, while many articles made from Xinjiang’s Hetian jade were unearthed in the Shang-dynasty (c.1600 BC-1046 BC) Tomb of Fu Hao in Anyang, Henan in central China. After the Western Han (206 BC-AD 25) united Xinjiang, Chinese became one of the official languages used in government documents of the Western Regions where Xinjiang is located. Agricultural production techniques, the system of etiquette, Chinese-language books, music, and dances of the Central Plains spread widely in the Western Regions. Musical instruments and music from the Western Regions were introduced to the Central Plains and exerted a great influence on local music. The treasure house of Chinese culture boasts elements of the Uygur Muqam, the Kazak Aytes art, the Kirgiz epic Manas, the Jangar epic of the Oirat Mongols, and many other great cultural works of various ethnic groups.

新疆地区历来多种文化并存。中国的历史演进,决定了各民族在分布上交错杂居、经济上相互依存、文化上兼收并蓄的基本特征。新疆独特的自然地理环境造就了绿洲农耕与草原游牧文化的相得益彰,不同生产生活方式的族群交流互补、迁徙汇聚,开创了多种文化并存的生动局面。
Different cultures have long coexisted in Xinjiang. China’s historical evolution has determined that various ethnic groups live together. They are economically interdependent and embrace each other’s cultures. The unique natural environment and geographical conditions in Xinjiang resulted in the development of refined oasis farming and grassland nomadism, and migrating ethnic groups with different lifestyles and working practices communicated with, complemented and integrated with each other, creating a dynamic coexistence of different cultures.

新疆地区陆续发现大约20种语言文字。时至今日,汉藏语系、阿尔泰语系、印欧语系诸语言仍在新疆存在。生活中各民族语言兼用是新疆文化的传统特征。新疆各民族在交往交流交融中,不同语言的互借互用成为普遍现象。新疆克孜尔千佛洞、柏孜克里克石窟、北庭故城等融合了汉、回鹘、吐蕃以及新疆古代居民的多种文化元素,是古代中国文化艺术的典范。
Around 20 different spoken and written languages have been identified in Xinjiang. The Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, and Indo-European languages still exist in Xinjiang today, and a traditional feature of Xinjiang culture is that different languages are used in daily life. It was common for different ethnic groups to borrow from and use each other’s languages. The Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Grottoes, Beiting Ancient City Site, and some other Xinjiang sites that integrate multiple cultural factors from the Han, Huihu (an ancient name for modern Uygur), Tubo (an ancient name for modern Tibetan) and other ancient residents of Xinjiang are typical of the culture and art of ancient China.

历史上新疆是中华文明向西开放的门户和中介。丝绸之路的畅通开启了东西方文化交流交融的新篇章。丝绸之路繁盛时期,中国的造纸术、桑蚕丝织等先进技术通过新疆西传,对世界文明产生了深远影响。佛教、摩尼教、景教沿着丝绸之路传播到新疆,和当时的原始宗教一起在当地流传。在漫长的历史演进中,新疆多种宗教并存的情况从未发生改变。新疆的文化景观始终是多种文化并存、多元文化交流。
Historically Xinjiang was the gateway and medium through which the Chinese civilization opened to the West. The Silk Road opened a new chapter in cultural exchanges and integration between East and West. China’s papermaking, sericulture, silk weaving, and other advanced technologies spread to the West via Xinjiang during the glory days of the Silk Road, exerting a far-reaching impact on world civilizations. Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nestorianism were introduced into Xinjiang through the Silk Road, and practiced together with primitive local religions. During Xinjiang’s long historical evolution, it has always been a place where many religions have coexisted. The cultural landscape of Xinjiang has long been characterized by coexistence and communication between different cultures.

各民族文化长期交流交融。中华文化是凝聚各民族的精神纽带。在长期的生产生活中,各民族文化交流交融始终贯穿于中华文化形成、发展的全过程。受中原文化影响,新疆地区的蚕桑技术与丝绸织造取得了相当成就;最初形成于漠北时期的回鹘文化,深受我国北方游牧文化、中原文化以及佛教、摩尼教等影响。在各个历史发展阶段,各民族互学互鉴,涌现出一批政治家、文学家、艺术家、史学家、农学家、翻译家等,助推新疆各民族文化在中华文化怀抱中进一步发展。中华人民共和国成立后,在中国共产党领导下,新疆各民族文化进入新的繁荣发展时期,《我们的祖国是花园》《我们新疆好地方》等经典歌曲传唱大江南北;《冰山上的来客》《库尔班大叔上北京》等优秀电影在全国家喻户晓,成为各民族共同创造、共同享有的精神财富。
There is a long history of different ethnic cultures communicating and integrating with each other. The Chinese culture is a bond that unites various ethnic groups, while in the course of daily life and work, the communication between and integration of different ethnic cultures has helped to form and develop the Chinese culture. Influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, Xinjiang learned and rapidly developed sericulture and silk weaving. The Huihu culture that originated in the Mobei (the area north of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau) regime was deeply influenced by the nomadic culture of northern China, Central Plains culture, Buddhism and Manichaeism. In different stages of history, various ethnic groups learned from each other, resulting in the emergence of a number of statesmen, writers, artists, historians, agronomists, and translators who made further contribution to the development of the ethnic cultures of Xinjiang in the embrace of the Chinese culture. After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the ethnic cultures of Xinjiang entered a new period of prosperity and development. Our Motherland Is a Garden, Xinjiang, a Good Place and other classic songs are heard around the country; Visitors on the Icy Mountain, Uncle Kurban Visits Beijing and other quality films have become widely known. They are elements of a cultural wealth that has been created by and is shared by all ethnic groups.

新疆各民族成员共居、共学、共事、共乐,在语言、饮食、服饰、音乐、舞蹈、绘画、建筑等社会生活和文化艺术各方面相互影响、吸收融合,“你中有我,我中有你”始终是各民族文化的共同特点。
The ethnic groups of Xinjiang live together, study together, work together, and share happiness. They influence, assimilate and integrate with each other in language, diet, costume, music, dance, painting, architecture and other aspects of social life, culture and art. A common feature of these ethnic cultures is that all are interrelated.

 

二、各民族语言文字广泛使用
II. The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used

语言文字是文化的重要载体和鲜明标志。新疆是多语言、多文字地区,学习使用国家通用语言文字,是繁荣发展新疆各民族文化的历史经验。中国政府大力推广和规范使用国家通用语言文字,依法保障各民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的自由,提倡和鼓励各民族相互学习语言文字,不断促进各民族语言相通、心灵相通。
Language, in both spoken and written forms, is an important carrier and a distinct symbol of culture. Xinjiang is a multilingual region, and historical experience shows that learning and using the commonly used standard Chinese as a spoken and written language has helped develop Xinjiang’s ethnic cultures. The Chinese government works hard to promote the use of the standard Chinese language, protects by law ethnic people’s freedom to use and develop their own languages, and advocates and encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, so as to promote language communication and ethnic unity among all Chinese people.

依法推广国家通用语言文字。学习和使用国家通用语言文字,有利于促进各民族交往交流交融,推动各民族发展进步。1982年,“国家推广全国通用的普通话”写入《中华人民共和国宪法》。2001年1月1日《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》正式施行,进一步明确了普通话和规范汉字作为国家通用语言文字的法定地位。2015年修订的《中华人民共和国教育法》规定“国家通用语言文字为学校及其他教育机构的基本教育教学语言文字”“民族自治地方以少数民族学生为主的学校及其他教育机构,从实际出发,使用国家通用语言文字和本民族或者当地民族通用的语言文字实施双语教育”。2015年修订的《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》规定“大力推广国家通用语言文字”。各民族成员为适应经济社会发展及交往日渐频繁的需要,积极主动学习和使用国家通用语言文字。
Promote standard Chinese by law. Learning and using standard Chinese helps different ethnic groups to communicate, develop and progress. When the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China was revised in 1982, the sentence “The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua (common speech based on Beijing pronunciation)” was added. On January 1, 2001, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language took effect, clarifying the legitimate status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the standard Chinese language. The Educational Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised in 2015) provides: “The standard spoken and written Chinese language shall be the basic language used by schools and other educational institutions in education and teaching…. Schools and other educational institutions dominated by ethnic minority students in ethnic autonomous areas shall, according to the actual circumstances, use the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of their respective ethnicities or the spoken and written language commonly used by the local ethnicities to implement bilingual education.” Regulations on the Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revised in 2015, state the need to “promote the standard spoken and written Chinese language”. Ethnic people are enthusiastic about learning and using standard Chinese to adapt to economic and social development and increased communication.

加强国家通用语言文字教育教学工作。响应国家号召,上世纪50年代开始,新疆在中小学对少数民族学生开设汉语文课程。1984年,新疆提出在少数民族学校加强汉语教学工作,实现“民汉兼通”的目标。目前,新疆在学前和中小学全面普及国家通用语言文字教学、加授本民族语言文字的双语教育,确保到2020年少数民族学生基本掌握和使用国家通用语言文字。
We should strengthen education and teaching of standard Chinese. In the 1950s, in response to the call of the state, Xinjiang began Chinese courses for ethnic minority students at elementary and secondary schools. In 1984, Xinjiang proposed to strengthen Chinese teaching at ethnic minority schools to achieve the goal that students “master both standard Chinese and their own ethnic languages”. Currently, students at preschool institutions and elementary and secondary schools in Xinjiang have universal access to bilingual education, including teaching of standard Chinese and ethnic minority languages, ensuring that by 2020 all ethnic minority students will be able to master and use standard Chinese.

以多种形式开展国家通用语言文字培训工作。2013年启动“国家通用语言培训项目”,在少数民族人口集中的县(市)面向参加职业培训或创业培训的少数民族青年开展国家通用语言文字专项培训。2017年启动实施国家通用语言文字普及攻坚工程。
We should carry out various forms of training on the standard spoken and written Chinese language. In 2013, the “training program on the standard spoken and written Chinese language” was launched, a special program for ethnic minority youths participating in vocational or business training in counties or cities where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. In 2017, a program aimed to popularize standard Chinese by the year 2020 was launched.

科学保护各民族语言文字。《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》均明确规定,各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由。目前,新疆各民族主要使用10种语言和文字,少数民族语言文字在司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播电视、互联网、社会公共事务等领域得到广泛使用。全国人民代表大会、中国人民政治协商会议召开的重要会议,提供维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古等少数民族语言文字的文稿和同声传译。新疆本级和各自治州、自治县机关执行公务时,同时使用国家通用语言文字、实行区域自治的民族的语言文字。各民族成员有权使用本民族语言文字进行选举或诉讼。以少数民族学生为主的学校及其他教育机构,在课程设置和各类招生考试中均重视少数民族语言文字的学习和使用。每年一度的普通高等学校招生全国统一考试,新疆使用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古5种文字试卷。
Protect spoken and written ethnic minority languages in a scientific way. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy both clearly prescribe that all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Currently, 10 spoken and written languages are used among the various ethnic groups of Xinjiang. Ethnic minority languages are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press and publishing, radio and television, internet, and public affairs. At important meetings such as those of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference documentation and simultaneous interpretation in Uygur, Kazak, Mongolian or other ethnic minority languages are provided. When performing official duties, Party and government organs of Xinjiang and lower-level autonomous prefectures and counties use at the same time standard Chinese and the languages of those ethnic minorities that exercise regional autonomy. All ethnic minorities have the right to use their own spoken and written languages in elections and judicial matters. Schools and other educational institutions where ethnic minority students are the majority highlight the study and use of ethnic minority languages in setting their curricula and in various entrance examinations. Xinjiang uses Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz and Mongolian languages for the annual national higher education entrance examination.

为保护中国丰富的语言资源,中国政府自2015年起组织实施中国语言资源保护工程,收集记录汉语方言、少数民族语言和口头语言文化的实态语料。该工程作为目前世界上规模最大的语言资源保护项目,已实现全国范围覆盖,其中在新疆开展包括30多个少数民族语言调查点、10个汉语方言调查点、6个濒危语言调查点和2个语言文化调查点的田野调查。截至目前,已完成新疆规划调查点超过80%的调查任务,并形成一批标志性成果。
In 2015 the Chinese government organized and launched a program to protect the rich language resources of China, collecting and recording physical forms of linguistic data such as Chinese dialects, spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and oral language cultures. The largest of its kind in the world, this program has covered the whole country. Field surveys have been conducted in Xinjiang, covering more than 30 survey locations of ethnic minority languages, 10 locations of Chinese dialects, six locations of endangered languages, and two locations of language cultures. To date more than 80 percent of survey tasks in these locations have been completed, and some symbolic successes have been achieved.

多语言、多文种的新闻出版和广播电视是新疆的一大特色。新疆使用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯6种语言文字出版报纸、图书、音像制品和电子出版物。新疆电视台有汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜4种语言电视节目,新疆人民广播电台有汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古5种语言广播节目,《新疆日报》用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古4种文字出版。
Multilingual press and publication and radio and television are a major feature of Xinjiang. Xinjiang publishes newspapers, books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six spoken and written languages – Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang TV broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, and Kirgiz. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Mongolian. Xinjiang Daily is printed in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Mongolian.

为使各民族成员共享信息化时代的成果,中国政府制定了蒙古、藏、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜等文字编码字符集、键盘、字模的国家标准,研究开发出多种少数民族文字排版系统、智能语音翻译系统,支持少数民族语言文字网站和新兴传播载体有序发展,不断提升少数民族语言文字信息化处理和社会应用能力。新疆设立民族语言文字工作委员会和各级民族语言文字研究机构,负责各民族语言文字的科学研究,推动各民族语言文字的规范化、标准化、信息化。
To enable ethnic minorities to share the achievements of the information age, the Chinese government has set national specifications of coded character set, keyboard, and type matrix for Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and some other languages. It has studied and developed different typesetting systems and intelligent voice translation systems for several written ethnic minority languages. The government supports the orderly development of websites and emerging media in spoken and written ethnic minority languages, and works to improve information processing and application capabilities in ethnic minority languages. Xinjiang has set up the Ethnic Language Work Committee and ethnic minority language research institutes at different levels, which are responsible for scientific research into ethnic minority languages, and which work to make them more standardized and apply them in IT.

鼓励各民族互相学习语言文字。中国政府鼓励民族自治地方各民族互相学习语言文字,既要求少数民族学习国家通用语言文字,也鼓励少数民族地区的汉族居民学习少数民族语言文字,尤其重视基层公务员、新录用公职人员、公共服务行业从业人员的双语学习,并提供学习条件。新疆专门开办了汉族干部学习少数民族语言培训班。上世纪50年代以来,国家在新疆高校开设中国少数民族语言文学(维吾尔语言、哈萨克语言方向)专业,这些专业的学生毕业后大多从事行政、教育、少数民族语言文字研究工作。多年来,新疆各民族相互学习语言文字蔚然成风,掌握双语、多语的人员越来越多,推动了各民族交往交流交融。
Encourage ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other. The Chinese government encourages different ethnic groups in ethnic autonomous areas to learn languages from each other, urging ethnic minorities to learn standard Chinese while encouraging Han residents to learn ethnic minority languages. It emphasizes that grassroots civil servants, newly recruited civil servants, and employees in the public service sector should know two or more languages and provides facilities for their learning. Xinjiang conducts special training courses for Han officials to learn ethnic minority languages. Since the 1950s, the state has offered majors in ethnic minority languages and literature (Uygur and Kazak) at colleges and universities in Xinjiang; most graduates of these majors work in the fields of administration, education, and research on ethnic minority languages. For many years, it has been a common practice that different ethnic groups of Xinjiang learn languages from each other. More and more people are becoming bilingual or multilingual, which promotes communication and integration among all the ethnic groups.

三、宗教文化受到尊重和保护
III. Respecting and Protecting Religious Culture

新疆历来是多种宗教并存地区,宗教文化丰富多样,是中国传统文化的组成部分。中国政府保障公民宗教信仰自由权利,尊重和保护宗教文化。
Since antiquity Xinjiang has seen the coexistence of a variety of religions, whose rich cultures have become part of traditional Chinese culture. China’s government is committed to protecting its citizens’ freedom of religious belief while respecting and protecting religious cultures.

多种宗教文化交融共存。新疆历来是多种宗教传播的重要地区,是宗教文化的汇聚之地。新疆最初流行原始宗教、萨满教。公元前4世纪起,随着祆教、佛教等相继传入,逐步形成多种宗教并存的格局。后来,道教、摩尼教、景教、伊斯兰教等先后传入,多种宗教并存的格局不断发展演变。一教或两教为主、多教并存是新疆宗教格局的历史特点。多种宗教文化长期交融共存,互相借鉴,并在适应中国社会发展过程中调整变化。目前,新疆有伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教、天主教、道教等。萨满教和祆教的元素遗留至今,并且以生活习俗的形式表现出来。佛教文化影响深远,在喀什、哈密、伊犁等地,仍可见到佛龛、莲花图案、莲花宝座等遗存。
Many religious cultures blend and coexist. Xinjiang has long been a region where multiple religions are practiced and their cultures have met and blended. Primitive religion and Shamanism were practiced in Xinjiang before Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and other faiths were introduced into the region from the 4th century BC onward. Gradually there came into being a network of coexisting religions. This network further evolved with the introduction of Taoism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism, and Islam. A coexistence of multiple religions, with one or two predominant, was a basic characteristic of Xinjiang’s religious history. During their lengthy coexistence and interaction, the religious cultures in the region learned from one another and adapted to China’s social development. At present, the major religions in Xinjiang are Islam, Buddhism, Protestant and Catholic Christianity, and Taoism. Certain Shamanistic and Zoroastrian elements can still be observed in local customs today. The remains of Buddha niches, lotus patterns, and lotus seat sculptures in Kashgar, Hami, and Ili testify to the once widespread influence of Buddhism in the region.

宗教典籍文献依法出版发行。国家以多种语言文字翻译出版发行伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍文献,满足各族信教公民的多样化需求。新疆已翻译出版发行汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜等多种文字的《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》等宗教经典书籍,编辑发行汉、维吾尔两种文字的《卧尔兹演讲集》系列。开办汉、维吾尔两种语言文字的新疆穆斯林网站。整理出版《金光明经卷二》《弥勒会见记》等宗教古籍文献。在专营宗教书刊的销售点,可以购买《古兰经》《圣经》《金光明经》等各种宗教典籍。
Religious texts are published and distributed in accordance with the law. The state has translated, published and distributed Islamic, Buddhist, Protestant, and other religious texts to meet the diverse demand of religious believers. The Koran and Irshad al-Sari li Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari have been published in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Kirgiz languages. The New Collection of al-Wa’z Speeches series have been compiled and published in both Chinese and Uygur languages. A website (www.xjmuslim.com) available in both Chinese and Uygur languages was set up for Xinjiang’s Muslim community. Ancient religious books, including Volume II of the Golden Light Sutra (Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra) and Maitrisimit Nom Bitig, have been published. Important scriptures such as the Koran, Bible, and Golden Light Sutra are available at stores specializing in selling religious publications.

宗教文化遗产得到有效保护。目前,新疆有喀什艾提尕尔清真寺、昭苏圣佑庙、克孜尔千佛洞等109处宗教文化古迹被列入全国重点文物保护单位和自治区级文物保护单位。其中,全国重点文物保护单位46处,自治区级文物保护单位63处。中央政府拨专款对列入国家和新疆文物保护单位的克孜尔千佛洞、柏孜克里克石窟、喀什艾提尕尔清真寺等进行修缮。新疆出资维修吐鲁番苏公塔、昭苏圣佑庙、乌鲁木齐红庙子道观等28处宗教建筑(场所)。涉及宗教的非物质文化遗产也得到了保护和传承。
Religious heritages are effectively protected. A total of 109 religious sites in Xinjiang, including Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, and the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves have been designated as major cultural heritage sites under the protection of the autonomous region and the state. Among the 109 sites, 46 are key cultural heritage sites under the protection of the state and 63 are under the protection of the autonomous region. The central government has allocated special funds to renovate cultural heritage protection sites at the state and autonomous-region levels, including the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Grottoes, and Id Kah Mosque. Xinjiang has funded the repair of 28 religious venues, including the Emin Minaret in Turpan, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, and Red Temple (Taoist) in Urumqi. Elements of intangible cultural heritage relating to religion are also effectively protected and passed on.

坚持宗教中国化方向。同所在社会相适应是宗教生存发展的规律。在中华文化兼容并蓄、求同存异、和而不同思想影响下,佛教等外来宗教都经历了中国化、本土化过程。佛教传入新疆后,主动适应社会发展、融入主流文化,对新疆历史和文化产生了深远影响。伊斯兰教传入新疆后沿着中国化方向发展,经过长期与当地传统信仰和文化融合,逐渐成为中华文化的一部分,并表现出地域特征和民族特色。天主教的独立自主、自办教会,基督教的自传、自治、自养等,都为实现宗教中国化作出了积极努力。新疆坚持宗教中国化的历史传统,积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应,支持宗教界深入挖掘教义教规中有利于社会和谐、时代发展、健康文明的内容,对教义教规作出符合当代中国发展进步、符合中华优秀传统文化的阐释,引导各种宗教坚持中国化方向。
Religions adapt to China’s realities. Adapting to local society is essential for the survival and development of any religion. With influence from such Chinese cultural traditions as being inclusive, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and pursuing harmony without uniformity, Buddhism and other foreign religions have all directed their efforts to localization after entering China. After Buddhism was introduced into Xinjiang, it has exerted a far-reaching influence on Xinjiang’s history and culture through proactive adaptation to local social norms and integration into the mainstream culture. Through extended fusion with local faiths and traditions, Islam gradually became part of Chinese culture and developed distinct regional and local ethnic features. The Catholic Church’s principles of independence and self-management of its religious affairs, and Protestantism’s compliance with the principles of self-propagation, self-governance, and self-support facilitated their adaptation to conditions in China. Xinjiang upholds the tradition of religious localization and provides guidance to religions on adaptation to China’s socialist system. Religious circles in Xinjiang are encouraged to promote social harmony and development as well as cultural progress with the aid of religious doctrines and rules, and elaborate on the doctrines and rules that contribute to China’s development and conform to China’s traditions.

 

四、文化遗产保护和传承取得成就
IV. Protecting and Carrying Forward Cultural Heritage

新疆文化遗产丰富。中央政府和新疆地方政府不断加强法制建设,推进文化遗产保护工作。《中华人民共和国文物保护法》和《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》等法律法规对保护新疆各民族丰富多彩的文化遗产提供了重要法治保障。
Xinjiang is a region rich in cultural heritage. The central government and the local government of Xinjiang have made a continuous effort to strengthen the legal system for the protection of the region’s cultural heritage. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage provide important legal protection for the diverse cultural heritage of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

文物保护成果丰硕。目前,新疆有各级文物保护机构189个,文物保护网络基本建成。全面完成全国不可移动文物普查3次,可移动文物普查1次,文化遗产家底进一步摸清。截至2017年,新疆文物点9542处,其中世界文化遗产6处、全国重点文物保护单位113处、自治区级文物保护单位558处。文化文物系统现有博物馆93个(包括自治区博物馆和吐鲁番地区博物馆2个国家一级博物馆),馆藏文物45万件/套。
Protection of cultural heritage yields results. Xinjiang has formed a cultural heritage protection network comprising 189 institutions at all levels. The region has completed three surveys on fixed national cultural relics and one on movable national cultural relics, forming a comprehensive database. By the end of 2017 Xinjiang had 9,542 cultural heritage sites, of which six were World Heritage sites, 113 were key national sites, and 558 were at the autonomous-region level. Xinjiang’s cultural heritage system contains 93 public museums, including two national first-grade museums – the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum and the Turpan Museum, with a collection of 450,000 items.

新疆历史文化名城名镇名村街区保护取得显著成效。确立国家级历史文化名城5座、历史文化名镇3个、历史文化名村4个、历史文化街区2个、中国传统村落17个、中国少数民族特色村寨22个。多年来,中国政府对高昌故城遗址、北庭故城遗址、惠远新老古城遗址等一大批文物古迹进行修缮保护,抢救性保护修复3000余件珍贵文物。
Xinjiang has made great headway in protecting its historical and cultural cities, towns, villages and localities. The region now has five cities, three towns, four villages, and two localities that have been recognized as state-level historical and cultural divisions, as well as 17 traditional Chinese villages and 22 ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance. Over the years, the Chinese government has supported the repair and conservation of many cultural heritage sites, such as the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Ruins, and new and old Huiyuan Ancient City, while rescuing and restoring more than 3,000 rare cultural relics.

考古发掘成果中外瞩目。截至2017年,新疆民丰尼雅遗址、尉犁营盘墓地、若羌小河墓地、库车友谊路晋十六国砖室墓、巴里坤东黑沟遗址、吉木乃通天洞遗址等8项考古发掘项目先后被列入当年全国十大考古新发现,出土了“五星出东方利中国”锦护臂、“王侯合昏千秋万岁宜子孙”锦被等国宝级文物。
Archaeological findings attract wide attention. By the end of 2017 eight archaeological programs, including the Niya Ruins in Minfeng County, Yingpan Cemetery in Yuli County, Xiaohe Cemetery in Ruoqiang County, 3rd-4th century brick graves in Kucha County, Dongheigou Ruins in Barkol County, and the Tongtiandong Cave in Jeminay County, had been listed among the National Top 10 Archeological Discoveries of the Year. The arm protector with the inscriptions of “Five stars appear in the East, sign of Chinese victory over the Qiang” and the silk quilt with inscriptions of “Marriages between princes and dukes bring prosperity to their posterity” unearthed from the Niya Ruins are national treasures.

古籍保护力度加大。成立了新疆维吾尔自治区古籍整理出版规划领导小组及办公室、古籍保护中心、古籍修复中心,建立少数民族古籍特藏书库。2011年,新疆古籍保护中心启动第一次古籍普查工作,对重点、珍贵古籍的基本内容、破损情况和保存状况登记造册。之后又数次开展普查。截至2017年,完成古籍整理普查14980种。已收藏的古代典籍文献包括汉文字(汉文字、西夏文和契丹文等)、阿拉美文字(佉卢文、帕赫列维文、摩尼文和回鹘文等10多种)和婆罗米文字(梵文、焉耆-龟兹文、于阗文、吐蕃文等)三大系统,共19种语言、28种文字,内容涵盖政治、经济、社会、宗教、天文、数学、医学、艺术等领域。古籍整理数字化建设日益加强。
Protection of ancient books has been strengthened. Xinjiang has set up a leading group and office in charge of the classification and publishing of the autonomous region’s ancient books, an ancient books preservation center, an ancient books restoration center, and a repository for ancient books and special collections of ethnic minorities. In 2011 the region’s Ancient Books Preservation Center started its first survey of ancient books, registering important and rare volumes and recording their content, physical condition, and preservation requirements. This was the first of several such surveys.By the end the 2017 the center had examined 14,980 books. Ancient books in its collection are written in 19 languages and 28 scripts, and fall into three language families: The Chinese language family (Chinese, Tangut, and Khitan scripts), the Aramaic family (more than 10 scripts, including the Kharosthi, Pahlavi, Manichaean, and Huihu scripts), and the Brahmi family (Sanskrit, Tocharian, Khotanese, and Tubo scripts). These books cover a wide range of subjects, including politics, the economy, society, religions, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and the arts. Digitalization of ancient books and related work are further strengthened.

中国政府支持新疆以汉文和维吾尔文翻译、整理、出版了濒于失传的《福乐智慧》和《突厥语大词典》等古籍。组织古籍专家开展学术研究、提供咨询服务,邀请国内外古籍保护工作者、研究者和管理者交流研讨。2011年,国家文化部和新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府共同主办“西域遗珍——新疆历史文献暨古籍保护成果展”,其中孤本古籍超过半数,受到社会各界称赞。
The Chinese government has supported the translation, editing and publishing into Chinese and Uygur languages of Kutadgu Bilig (Wisdom of Fortune and Joy) and A Comprehensive Turki Dictionary, two works of the Karahan Kingdom period in the 11th century. The government has also organized experts in ancient books to carry out research and provide expertise in this field, and helped to arrange exchanges between Chinese and foreign professionals, researchers, and administrators engaged in the preservation of ancient books.In 2011 the Ministry of Culture and the local government of Xinjiang co-hosted an exhibition, titled “Recovered Treasures from the Western Regions: Progress in Preserving Xinjiang’s Historical Literature and Ancient Books”. More than half of the ancient books displayed at the exhibition were the only copies extant. This achievement was acclaimed by the widest range of interested parties.

非物质文化遗产得到有效保护。按照“保护为主、抢救第一、合理利用、传承发展”的原则,加强政策立法。2008年,新疆出台《新疆维吾尔自治区非物质文化遗产保护条例》;2010年,《新疆维吾尔自治区维吾尔木卡姆艺术保护条例》颁布实施。新疆出台一系列非物质文化遗产保护制度,为科学、系统地抢救保护非物质文化遗产提供了制度保障。
Intangible cultural heritage is effectively protected. Under the guiding principle of giving priority to both preservation and restoration, and pursuing sound utilization and development, the policy and legislation for protecting intangible cultural heritage have been strengthened. In 2008 the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage were enacted. In 2010 the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Uygur Muqam Arts were promulgated and put into force. In addition, Xinjiang has introduced a number of rules for protecting its intangible cultural heritage, which provide institutional guarantees for rescuing and preserving this heritage in a coordinated and systematic manner.

中国政府1951年、1954年两次抢救性录制维吾尔十二木卡姆。上世纪60年代开始,投入大量资金和人力,整理出版了包括柯尔克孜族史诗《玛纳斯》、蒙古族史诗《江格尔》等多种民间口头文学作品。编纂出版《中国民族民间舞蹈集成·新疆卷》《中国民间歌曲集成·新疆卷》《中国民间故事集成·新疆卷》等涵盖各民族音乐、舞蹈、戏曲等门类的十大艺术集成志书。“中华文脉——新疆非物质文化遗产保护记录工程”持续实施。截至2017年,新疆完成23位国家级代表性传承人抢救性记录工作,运用文字、图片、音像等多种记录手段,对非物质文化遗产项目实施了抢救性保护;创建了维吾尔族乐器、地毯和艾德莱斯绸织造3个非物质文化遗产项目国家级生产性保护示范基地;命名91个自治区级非物质文化遗产保护传承基地。
In 1951 and 1954 the central government made recordings of the music of the Twelve Muqams to rescue the Muqam arts. Since the 1960s, firm funding and manpower support from the government has enabled the publication of works of folk literature, including the Kirgiz epic Manas and Mongolian epic Jangar. The Collection of Chinese Ethnic and Folk Dances (Xinjiang Volume), Collection of Chinese Folk Songs (Xinjiang Volume), and Collection of Chinese Folk Tales (Xinjiang Volume) have been compiled and published to introduce the folk music, dances, drama and other arts of the region.The program for protecting and preserving Xinjiang’s intangible cultural heritage as part of the initiative to promote Chinese cultural traditions is well under way. By the end of 2017, to rescue and preserve its intangible cultural heritage, Xinjiang had completed the recording of intangible cultural items presented by 23 state-level representative trustees in the form of written texts, images, audios and videos. Furthermore, the region had established three state-level demonstration bases that produce Uygur musical instruments, carpets and Etles silk for the preservation of these intangible cultural items. In addition, the region had set up 91 autonomous-region level bases for preserving and handing down its intangible cultural heritage.

新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、柯尔克孜史诗《玛纳斯》、维吾尔族麦西热甫分别列入联合国教科文组织“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”和“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”。入选国家级、自治区级非物质文化遗产代表性名录的项目分别有83项、294项,国家级、自治区级非物质文化遗产代表性传承人分别有112位、403位。
Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang and the Kirgiz epic Manas were registered on the “UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity”, and Uygur Meshrep on the “List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding”. Xinjiang has 83 items on the national representative list of intangible cultural heritage and 294 items on the autonomous-region list, as well as 112 state-level representative trustees and 403 autonomous-region representative trustees of its intangible cultural heritage.

民俗文化得到尊重与传承。新疆坚持尊重差异、包容多样、相互欣赏,充分尊重和保护各种民俗文化,实现多元文化和谐共处,各民族优秀传统文化得到有效保护和传承。在春节、清明节、端午节、中秋节以及肉孜节、古尔邦节等传统节日,各族人民都能享受法定假期。每逢节日,新疆各地民众用音乐、歌舞、传统体育竞技等文化活动来庆祝。汉族的“元宵灯会”、维吾尔族的“麦西热甫”、哈萨克族的“阿依特斯”、柯尔克孜族的“库姆孜弹唱会”、蒙古族的“那达慕大会”、回族的“花儿会”等民俗活动广泛开展,受到各族民众的欢迎。新疆提倡各民族相互尊重风俗习惯,倡导各民族在衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶、礼仪风俗等方面崇尚科学、文明、健康的风尚。
Folk cultures are respected and preserved. Xinjiang embraces cultural diversity and inclusiveness, and upholds mutual learning among cultures. The region fully respects and protects folk cultures, thus realizing the harmonious coexistence of different cultures and enabling the effective protection and preservation of the best traditions of all ethnic groups. All people in Xinjiang have the right to observe their own statutory festivals such as the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Ramadan, and Corban. They celebrate the festivals in many forms, such as playing music, dancing, and holding traditional sports events. Among popular folk festivals are the Han people’s Lantern Festival, the Uygur’s Meshrep, the Kazakh’s Aytes, the Kirgiz’s Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui people’s Hua’er Folk Song Festival. The local government promotes mutual respect for folkways among all ethnic groups while encouraging appropriate and healthy lifestyles, wedding and funeral practices, and customs and rituals.

五、文化事业和文化产业不断发展
V. Constant Development of Cultural Undertakings and the Cultural Industry

文化发展的核心是满足人的精神文化需求。中国政府支持新疆努力提高公共文化服务水平,促进文学艺术创作和新闻出版繁荣进步,增强文化产业实力,保障公民文化权利,丰富各族人民精神文化生活。《中华人民共和国公共文化服务保障法》《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》《中华人民共和国电影产业促进法》等法律法规为保障新疆各族人民基本文化需求,提供公共文化服务,促进文化产业发展提供了重要法治保障。
The core of cultural development is to satisfy people’s cultural and intellectual needs. The Chinese government has given steady support to Xinjiang in its efforts to improve the quality of public cultural services, promote progress in literary and artistic creation and the press and publishing, strengthen the cultural industry, protect citizens’ cultural rights, and enrich the cultural life of all ethnic groups. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Public Cultural Service, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Public Libraries, and Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of the Film Industry among others have served as important legal guarantee to protect the basic cultural needs of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, provide them with public cultural services and promote the development of its cultural industry.

公共文化服务水平日益提高。1955年,新疆有1个公共图书馆、各类体育场地425个。在中央政府大力支持下,近年来,新疆实施“县级文化馆、图书馆修缮工程”“文化信息资源共享工程”“乡镇综合文化站工程”等一系列文化基础工程。截至2017年,新疆有公共图书馆112个、博物馆和纪念馆173个、美术馆57个、文化馆119个、文化站和文化室12158个,有各级各类广播电视台(站)302个,广播和电视人口覆盖率分别达到97.1%和97.4%,有体育场地29600个,形成了相对完整的各级公共文化服务体系。
The quality of public cultural services is improving. In 1955, there were only 425 sports venues and one public library in Xinjiang. With the massive support of the central government, successive cultural projects have been launched in Xinjiang such as “conservation and renovation project of county-level cultural centers and libraries”, “cultural information sharing project” and “township cultural centers project”. By the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 112 public libraries, 173 museums and memorial halls, 57 art galleries, 119 cultural centers, 12,158 cultural stations, 302 radio and television stations (covering 97.1 percent and 97.4 percent of the population, respectively), and 29,600 sports venues, representing a comparatively complete public cultural service system at all levels.

新疆积极推进城乡公共文化服务均等化。文化馆、图书馆、博物馆、乡镇(街道)文化站等公共文化设施免费向社会开放。基本实现户户通广播电视。农村电影放映实现行政村全覆盖。财政安排资金支持为贫困乡村提供戏曲等多种形式的文艺演出。广泛开展全民阅读活动,农家书屋工程覆盖所有行政村。截至2017年,共举办13届自治区运动会、8届少数民族传统体育运动会、5届老年人运动会、6届残疾人运动会。村级“农牧民体育健身工程”实现全覆盖。新颖多样的健身器材在边远乡村普及,丰富有趣的体育比赛和健身活动深受各族群众欢迎。
Xinjiang has made efforts to ensure equal access to public cultural services for both urban and rural residents. Public cultural facilities such as cultural centers, libraries, museums and cultural stations are open to the public for free. The radio and television network covers almost every household. Movie projection is available in all administrative villages. Theatrical performances of various types are given in impoverished villages with the support of government funds. A reading campaign is encouraged by ensuring full coverage of rural libraries over all administrative villages. By the end of 2017, 13 sports meetings, eight traditional ethnic minority sports meetings, five games for senior citizens and six games for disabled people had been held in Xinjiang. Fitness projects for farmers and herdsmen cover all villages. Gym equipment of all sorts is available even in remote villages. Rich and interesting sports events and fitness activities are popular with people of all ethnic groups.

文学艺术创作和新闻出版持续繁荣。新疆文学艺术佳作纷呈,生动展现了中华文化魅力。小说《天山深处的“大兵”》、诗集《神山》、散文集《在新疆》、文学评论集《西部:偏远省份的文学写作》、油画作品《来自高原的祈福——5·19国家记忆》、摄影作品《风雪人生》、话剧《大巴扎》、舞剧《阳光下的舞步》《戈壁青春》、歌舞剧《情暖天山》、音乐剧《冰山上的来客》、音乐杂技剧《你好,阿凡提》、歌曲《屯垦爹娘》、广播剧《马兰谣》和电影《大河》《鲜花》《真爱》《生死罗布泊》《塔克拉玛干的鼓声》等一批文学艺术作品获得精神文明建设“五个一工程”奖、鲁迅文学奖、中国电影华表奖等国家级奖项,杂技《生命之旅》《抖杠——担当》等获得国际杂技节金奖。2006年,成立新疆广播影视译制中心,相继在11个地、州和伊宁市、莎车县、库车县、于田县建立电视译制部。目前,少数民族语言影视剧年译制量达6200集左右。中华人民共和国成立前,新疆仅有2种报纸。截至2017年,新疆共有报纸126种,期刊223种,每年出版图书、音像制品和电子出版物约1万种。
Literary, artistic creation, press and publishing are booming. A variety of brilliant works of literature and art created in Xinjiang demonstrate the glamour of Chinese culture. The following have all won national prizes such as the Best Works Award, Lu Xun Literary Prize, China Movie Awards, and the first prize in International Acrobatic Festival:

·Soldiers from the Snow Mountain (novel),

·Holy Mountain (poetry anthology),

·In Xinjiang (collection of prose writings),

·Western China: Literary Writing in Remote Provinces (collection of literary review),

·Praying on Plateau, Chinese Mourning Day on May 19th (oil painting),

·Braving the Storm (photography),

·Grand Bazaar (drama),

·Dance Steps in the Sun and Young Blood in Gobi Desert (dance drama),

·A Uygur Mother and Visitors on the Icy Mountain (musical),

·Hello, Advanti (musical and acrobatic drama),

·My Parents Stationing and Reclaiming Wasteland in Xinjiang (song),

·A Nuclear Scientist’s Story in the Desert (radio play),

·The Great River, Flower, Genuine Love, Life and Death in Lop Nor, Taklimakan’s Drumbeat (movie).

·Travel of Life (acrobatic show),

·Somersault on Balance Beam (acrobatic show).

In 2006, Xinjiang Radio, Film and Television Translation and Production Center was set up, establishing branches in 11 prefectures, Yining City, Shache, Kucha and Yutian counties. Currently, about 6,200 episodes of translated ethnic film and television programs are being produced every year. There were only two newspapers in Xinjiang before the founding of the People’s Republic of China. But by the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 126 newspapers, 223 periodicals, and publishes around 10,000 titles of books, audio and video products and electronic publications every year.

文化、体育和民族医药产业实力逐步增强。目前,新疆有文化企业1万余家,已形成门类较为齐全的文化产业发展体系,涵盖新闻出版发行、广播影视、演艺、文化娱乐、游戏、文化旅游、工艺美术、艺术品、动漫、文化会展、创意设计、数字文化服务等领域。截至2017年,有国家级文化产业示范基地6家,自治区级文化产业示范基地109家,获得国家认定的动漫企业11家,建成各类文化产业园区20家;有国家5A级景区12家,导游17000人。文化及旅游产业增加值逐年增长。
Strength in cultural, sports and ethnic medicine industries is growing. At present, Xinjiang has over 10,000 cultural companies covering press, publishing and distribution, radio, film and television, performances, entertainment, games, cultural tourism, arts and crafts, artwork, animation, cultural exhibitions, innovation design and digital cultural services. By the end of 2017, there were six model bases for cultural industries at national level, 109 at autonomous region level, 11 government-approved animation companies, 20 cultural industry parks, 12 national 5A tourist attractions and 17,000 tourist guides. The added value of the cultural and tourist industries is growing every year.

成立一批职业体育俱乐部,体育竞赛与表演市场日趋活跃。环塔克拉玛干汽车摩托车越野拉力赛、中国篮球职业联赛新疆区比赛保持较高市场化运作水平。以中国国际露营大会、国际沙漠越野挑战赛、环艾丁湖摩托车赛、环赛里木湖公路自行车赛等为代表的体育休闲市场日趋成熟。赛马、冰雪运动、航空体育产业发展潜力巨大。
A group of professional sports clubs have been set up, with sports competitions and sports show flourishing. The Taklimakan Rally is a commercial success and China Basketball Association (CBA) in Xinjiang is doing well. The sports leisure market is maturing as demonstrated by the success of the China International Camping Congress, International Desert Cross Rally, Aydingkol Motorcycle Rally, and Sayram Bicycle Rally. Huge potential is also apparent in horse racing, winter sports and aviation sports.

新疆已形成中华医药(含民族药)、医疗机构制剂、食品(含保健食品)、医疗器械和药用包装材料等门类较为齐全的医药健康产业体系。其中维吾尔医药、哈萨克医药、蒙医药等少数民族传统医药历史悠久,是中华文化瑰宝,许多药材被纳入国家标准和国家相关标准化研究项目。新疆民族医药销售产值占制药行业销售总产值比重逐年提高;民族医药企业的产品在不断开拓国内市场的同时,还销往周边国家和地区,进入国际市场。
Xinjiang has formed a complete industrial system of medicine and health covering Chinese medicine (including ethnic medicine), hospital-made preparations, foods (including health foods), medical equipment, and packaging for medicines. Among ethnic medicines, many Uygur medicines, Kazakh medicines, and Mongolian medicines – boasting a long history and regarded as cultural treasures – have been categorized under national standards or included in national standardization research projects. The sales of ethnic medicines in Xinjiang’s pharmaceutical industry are increasing year by year, and ethnic medicine companies are expanding sales not only in domestic markets, but also in neighboring countries and regions as an effort to enter the international markets.

网络文化蓬勃发展。随着互联网在中国的不断发展,近年来,互联网越来越成为新疆各族人民学习、工作、生活的新空间,获取公共服务的新平台。截至2017年,新疆备案网站11520家,固定宽带用户达569.9万户,移动互联网用户达1855.8万户。微信公众平台“最后一公里”用户遍及全国所有省、自治区、直辖市和几十个国家、地区。先后实施争做中国好网民、艾德莱斯网络引领、网络融情等工程,开展“网络中国节”“我是一颗石榴籽”“艾德莱斯出天山”等系列网络文化活动30余项,示范带动新疆各地开展各类网络文化活动7000余项。2017年,新疆本地消费者网购零售额达569.1亿元,比上年增长29.8%。蓬勃发展的网络文化引领了向上向善的社会风尚。
Internet culture develops rapidly. The rapid development of the internet in China has made it the new space for people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang to study, work and live, and a new platform to access public services. By the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 11,520 registered websites, 5.7 million fixed broadband subscribers, and 18.56 million mobile internet users. The subscribers on the official WeChat platform “Last Kilometer” extend across all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and dozens of countries and regions. Over 30 internet cultural projects such as “making a good netizen”, “Etles Silk from Tianshan to the World” and “video programs on ethnic solidarity” launched more than 7,000 online cultural activities across Xinjiang. In 2017, online retail sales to Xinjiang consumers reached 56.91 billion yuan, an increase of 29.8 percent over 2016. The prosperity of Xinjiang’s internet culture helps to foster healthy social morals.

 

六、对外文化交流日趋活跃
VI. Active Cultural Exchanges with Other Countries

新疆是中华文明向西开放的重要门户,在东西方文明交流互鉴中发挥了重要作用。在中央政府支持下,新疆已形成全方位、多层次的对外文化交流格局。
Xinjiang has been an important gateway for China’s civilization to open to the West, and has played a significant role in cultural communication and mutual learning between East and West. Supported by the central government, Xinjiang has created a framework of cultural exchanges with other countries in all sectors and at all levels.

以多种形式参与国际文化交流与合作。中国新疆国际民族舞蹈节、中国-亚欧博览会“中外文化展示周”和“出版博览会”等成为具有一定国际影响力的文化交流品牌。2009年以来,举办了7届“中国·新疆国际青少年艺术节”,邀请中亚四国及俄罗斯、蒙古、巴基斯坦、印度、马来西亚、泰国、韩国、阿塞拜疆等12个国家及国内共119个文艺团体的2330余名青少年来新疆演出交流。2012年至2017年,新疆连续举办7期“丝绸之路经济带相关国家媒体负责人研修班”,邀请了25个国家的100多家媒体负责人来新疆研修、交流、考察。
Xinjiang participates in international cultural exchanges and cooperation in various forms. Xinjiang International Ethnic Dance Festival, Chinese and Foreign Culture Week of China-Eurasia Expo, and Publishing Expo have become branded cultural exchange projects of considerable international influence. Since 2009, Xinjiang has held seven China International Youth Arts festivals, inviting more than 2,330 young people representing 119 art troupes from Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan of Central Asia and Russia, Mongolia, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Thailand, the Republic of Korea and Azerbaijan. From 2012 to 2017, Xinjiang has held seven seminars for directors of media from countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt, inviting directors of more than 100 media from 25 countries to Xinjiang on study, communication and visits.

近年来,新疆积极推进“丝绸之路经济带”核心区建设,加强与沿线国家的人文科技交流。2016年,举办第五届中国-亚欧博览会科技合作论坛,30多个国家和国际组织的154名嘉宾受邀参加。建成12个国家级国际科技合作基地,与30多个国家和地区以及10个国际组织和研究机构开展了国际科技合作与交流,涉及农业、资源环境、农产品加工、天文、煤化工、生物医药、能源等领域。稳步实施“留学中国计划”,逐步扩大丝绸之路经济带沿线国家优秀留学生奖学金资助规模。新疆高校积极开展国际交流与合作,留学生教育规模逐年增加、质量不断提升。从1985年开始,截至2017年,新疆高校接收外国留学生达5万人次。新疆积极发挥包括维吾尔医药、哈萨克医药在内的中华医学特色优势,筹建中外联合中医机构,开展中医民族医药国际医疗服务体系建设项目,吸引了越来越多的周边国家患者前来就医。2015年至2017年,乌鲁木齐市有5家医院开展国际医疗服务,累计接诊外籍患者1.7万人次。新疆举办一系列高水平体育赛事,吸引大批国际优秀运动员和体育爱好者积极参与。
In recent years, Xinjiang has been active in building the core area along the Silk Road Economic Belt, strengthening cultural and scientific and technological exchanges with countries along the Belt. In 2016, it hosted the scientific and technological cooperation forum of the Fifth China-Eurasia Expo, inviting 154 guests from more than 30 countries and international organizations. Xinjiang has built 12 state-level bases for international sci-tech cooperation, launching cooperation and exchanges with more than 30 countries and regions and 10 international organizations and research institutes in such fields as agriculture, resources and the environment, processing of agricultural products, astronomy, coal chemicals, biomedicine, and energy. It has steadily implemented the “Study-in-China” initiative, gradually increasing scholarships for outstanding students from countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt. Institutions of higher learning in Xinjiang engage in active international exchanges and cooperation, and their foreign students are growing in number and their teaching quality is much improved. From 1985 to 2017, colleges and universities of Xinjiang enrolled 50,000 foreign students. With its particular strength in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including Uygur and Kazakh medicine, Xinjiang plans to establish Chinese-foreign institutions of traditional Chinese medicine and worked to establish a system of international medical services for TCM including ethnic minority medicine, attracting more and more patients from neighboring countries. From 2015 to 2017, five hospitals in Urumqi began to offer international medical services, accepting 17,000 foreign patients in total. Xinjiang has held a series of high-level sports events, attracting numerous international athletes and sports fans.

积极对外展示新疆各民族文化风采。从上世纪末开始,“中国新疆古代丝绸之路文物展”“丝路奥秘——新疆文物大展”等新疆文物精品展览陆续在日本、美国、德国、韩国等国家举行。一批非物质文化遗产项目赴联合国总部、英国、日本、法国及新疆周边国家进行表演展示。近年来,“感知中国——中国西部文化行·新疆篇”“中国新疆文化交流团”“中国新疆文化周”分别在美国、加拿大、德国、法国、意大利、西班牙、澳大利亚、新西兰、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、格鲁吉亚、埃及、土耳其、伊朗、沙特、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、马来西亚、文莱、老挝等国举办多种文化交流活动。新疆多次组团代表中国参加国际伊塞克湖运动会,加强了与上海合作组织成员国之间的体育交流与合作。
Xinjiang presents different ethnic cultures to foreign countries. Since the late 20th century, quality exhibitions of Xinjiang cultural relics, such as the “Exhibition of Ancient Silk Road Cultural Relics of Xinjiang” and “Secrets of the Silk Road – Exhibition of Xinjiang Cultural Relics”, have been held in Japan, the United States, Germany, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries. Some of Xinjiang’s intangible cultural heritage items have been presented in performances or exhibitions in the UN headquarters, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and in those countries adjacent to Xinjiang. In recent years, cultural communication events such as “Experiencing Xinjiang – Cultural Exploration of Xinjiang, West China”, “Xinjiang Cultural Exchange Forum”, and “Xinjiang Culture Week” have been held in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Brunei, and Laos. Xinjiang has also sent several delegations on behalf of China to attend the World Nomad Games on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul, strengthening sports exchanges and cooperation with other member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

 

结束语
Conclusion

中华文化是中国各族人民共同创造、传承和发展的,是民族团结和国家统一的精神纽带。事实证明,新疆各民族文化是中华文化的组成部分,中华文化始终是新疆各民族的情感依托、心灵归宿和精神家园,也是新疆各民族文化发展的动力源泉。
The Chinese culture was created, carried forward and developed by all ethnic groups of China, and is a bond of ethnic unity and national unification. Facts have proved that ethnic cultures of Xinjiang are components of the Chinese culture, which is always the emotional attachment and spiritual home for all ethnic people in Xinjiang, as well as the dynamic source for the development of ethnic cultures.

中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平指出:“中国共产党从成立之日起,既是中国先进文化的积极引领者和践行者,又是中华优秀传统文化的忠实传承者和弘扬者。当代中国共产党人和中国人民应该而且一定能够担负起新的文化使命,在实践创造中进行文化创造,在历史进步中实现文化进步!”今天,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,中华民族已经走进新时代,踏上新征程,在文化交流交融的舞台上,新疆各族人民应该而且一定能够担负起自己新的文化使命,在文化创造中铸就新繁荣,在文化进步中取得新发展!
Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Chinese president and chairman of the Central Military Commission, pointed out: “Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has actively guided and promoted China’s advanced culture while keeping China’s fine traditional culture alive and strong. Today, we Chinese Communists and the Chinese people should and can shoulder our new cultural mission, make cultural creations through practice, and promote cultural advancement along with the progress of history.” Today, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core, the Chinese nation has marched into a new era and onto a new journey. On the stage of cultural exchanges and integration, people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang should and can shoulder their new cultural mission to create a new boom in cultural creations and make new developments along with cultural progress.

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